Full text of 'PRO«KESSIVE IMPROVEMENTS PRESEVr STATEICTUBS^j IK MJ5TAIiHo:Xov.^i^xxTsy ^3 9G 1CONTENTS.CHAP. I.Original cutting Instruments. — Early English Cut-lery. — Clasp, or Spring Knives. — Factor,ing System. —Sections of Blades.
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— Knife Sharp,eners. — London Bridge Metal. — Rhodes, — Grinding and polishing.
—Kingsbury Form and Thickness of Blades. — Frame-bladed. — Stain.ing of Handles.
— Ornamenting Blades. — Knight's Steel Sharpener.—Surgical Instruments. — Scissors and Shears. — SnuSers -.25CHAP. III.Interchangeable Use of Instruments of Agriculture and War. — Scythesand Sickles. — Flemish Refugee Workmen.
— Seats of Manufacture. —Common Methoil of making Scythes. — Patent, or Rolled Blades. — Hayand Straw Knives. — Sickle-making.
— Reaping Hooks. — HainaultScythe. — Reaping Machines. IV.MILITART WEAPONS.S )ears and Axes of early Formation. — Saxon and Norman Weapons. —Swords of Wood, Copper, and other Substances.
— Manufacture of Swordsby the Turcomans. — None and Spanish Swords. — Milan Blades. — Da.mascus Sabres. — Swords named and used as Crosses. — British SwordCutlery.
— Antique Swords. — Austrian Swords.— Sword Trade in Erg.land.
— Process of Manufacture at Birmingham. V.FIREARMS.Early Notices of Hand-guns. — Match.locks, Wheel-locks, and Pistols.— Muskets. — Musket Rest — Spanish Barrels. — Introduction of Gun.trade to Birmingham.
— Marking and proving Guns. — Forging Gun.barrels.
— Patent Skelfs. James and Jones's Patent — Englishand Indian twist Barrels. —Stub Barrels. — Boring Gun-barrels.
—Breeching and stocking Guns. —Burnishing and browning Barrels. —VI CONTENTS.Rifles. — French and English Muskets. — Extent and Celerity of Fire-arms at Birmingham. — Safety Locks. — PercussionPriming.
VI.Qualifications proper for a Whitesmith. — Forging, Swaging, and Filing.—;-Apparatus for boring Solids and Cylinders. — Turning Lathes. — Com.mon Whitesmith's Lathe. — Dog and Driver, and Chucks.
— Maudslay'sLathe, Chuck, and Rest. — Turning Tools. — Slide Lathes. — Various Methods of producing Screws. — Inside Screws, or Boxes. — Sawing castIron when red-hot — Cutting hardened Steel with soft Iron - 124CHAP. VII.STOVES AND FIRE-GRATEaEarliest domestic Fire places.
— Chimneys Dogs or Andirons for burn-ing Wood Fuel. — Old-fashioned Grates for Coal. — American Fire-ranges. — Modem Stoves. — Tredgold's Observations on the Form andSize of Fire-places. — Register and Half Register Stoves.
— Foreignclose Stoves. — Russian and Chinese Stoves. — Pyramidal Stoves. —Cockle for heating with hot Air. — Steam and hot Water.
— Methodof casting Stoves. — Different Styles of Finishing. — Producing newPatterns. — Canadian, Francinian, and Smoke-consuming Stoves. —Ovens and Boilers. — Cooking Apparatus.
— Fenders, pierced, embossed,wired, and cast. — Fire-guards. — Ash-receivers. — Fire-irons. VIII.IRON PRINTING MACHINERY.Brief Description of old Wooden Press. — Improvement by Earl Stanhope.— Perfection in the Manufacture of Iron Presses. — The ColumbianPress — its great Power.
— Albion Press. — Imperial Press. — Ruthven'sPress. — Medhurst's Principle. — Rotatory Printing Machines. — Nichol.son. — Extract from 'Typographia,' with Remarks thereon.— Dr.
Gregory's Observations on Machine Printing — Cowper and Apple,gath's patent Machines. — Operation of Steam Printing Machinery. —Type Carriage — Inking Apparatus. — Donkin and Bacon's Ma-chine -. IX.COPPER-PLATE AND OTHER PRESSES.Wooden Roller Press for Plate Printing. — Cast Iron RollerPress.
— Dyer's Patent Press for printing with Perkins's Plates. — Litho-graphic Press. — Standing Press. — Athol and Hydraulic Presses. — Copy-ing Machines. — Hawkins's Polygraph.
— Other Contrivances for copyingLetters -235CHAP. X.HAND MILLS, MANGLES, CHAFF CUTTERS.Antiquity of Mills. — French Military Mill. — Cylinder, or Bruising Mills.— Cutting Mills. — Common Coffee Mills. — Terry's Mill. — Pollard'sCONTENTS.
VI 1epicycloidal Mill. — Common Maiigle — Irons, uid Crimping Machines.Baker's patent Mangle. — Pechy's and Christie's ^Mangles. — Chaff'Cutters.
Page 245CHAP. XI.LOCKS.Early Fame of Wolverhampton Locks.
— Aingcr's Discourse on Locks. —Egyptian Lock. — Barron's Patent. — Bramah's Patent — Principles ofBramah's Lock explained. — Chubb'« Patent Iock. — Durability and.Security of Chubb's Lock.
— Iron Safe Locks. — Kemp's Ixck. — Strutt'cLock. — Notice of ingenious Contrivances for Locks. — Marquess ofWorcester's enigmatical Description. — Keys for Locks.
— Door Latches963CHAP. XXLWEIGHING MACHINES.Antiquity of the Balance. — Principle of the equal-armed Balance.—Fraudulent Balances. — Properties of a good Balance. — Count Rum.ford's Balance.
— Directions for making a good Pair of Scales. — Balanceafffected by Heat — The.Steelyard Brady's domestic WeighingScala — Spring Steelyard.
^ Dial Weighing Machines. — Counter Weigh-ing Machine. — Large Platform ^Machine for weighing loaded Vehicles.— Old English Weights. — Troy and Avoirdupois Pound. — StandardWeights. — Parliamentary Instructions for restoring the StandardWeights -. XIII.MISCELLANEOUS ARTICLES.Saddler'^ Ironmongery.
— Antiquity of Stirrups. — Bridle-bits andBranches. — Manufacture of this Description of Articles. — Case-hard,ening.
— Plating on Steel. — Bagnal's patent Kings.
— I^ancashirc Tools.— Perfection of the Warrington Manufactures. — Birmingham SteelToys. — Inventory.of small Wares formerly imported into this Country.— Shoe-buckles. — Caprice in Fashion of Shoe-buckles.
— Polished SteelTrinkets. — Steel Pens.
— Perry's, Heeley's, Skinner's, and Mordan'sPens. XIV.Wl RE-DBA WI.NCi.Wire first manufiutured by hammering and filing. — Wire-drawing. —Introduction of the Art into England.
— Parliamentary Protection —Berlin and Barnsley Wire. — Ripping or rumpling Iron for Wirr -Rolling. — Italian Drawing Plates. — Description of the Proces )fdrawing Wire by Hand and by Machinery.
— Drawing Plates ma ofGems. — French Drawing Plates. — Wire Manufacture in Frar. Mouchel's Operations in Wiredrawing.
— Stub's Wire Gau «.-Description of a proposed new Wire Gauge - 3S7CHAP. XV.WIRE-WORKING AND NEEDLES.Description of Wire Loom, and Method of Weaving. — Wire Gauze, it.Uses. — Wire for Cards. — Self-acting Machine for making Cards.—Watch-springs. — Seats of the Manufacture.- Cutting andstraightening the Wire.
— Pointing.— Eyeing and filing. — Soft straight-ening. — Hard straightening. —Blue Pointing. Page 350ATREATISEox THKMANUFACTURES IN METAL.IRON AND STEEL.CHAP.
I.OBiaiNAL CUTTING INSTRUMENTS. —EARLY ENGLISH CUTLERY. CLASr,OR SPRING KNIVES.
FACTORING SYSTEM. KNIVES.—SECTIONS or BLADES. KNIFE SHARPENERS.Although we may not be able to produce the testi-mony of the very earliest ages for the introduction ofknives at table, or for domestic purposes, it is certainthat the use of edged instruments in slaughteringanimals, whether for food or sacrifice, as well as forcutting up their flesh, must have had a very remoteorigin. These, however, were by no means at firstfabricated either of iron or steel, or even of metal, butrather of shells, flints, and other like materials, allclassed by writers under the common appellation knives.That this is probably the true meaning of the term inseveral early passages of Scripture, may be generallyinferred from the literal rendering of Exod. 25.The stone celts which have at various periods beenVOL. B2 IRON AND STEEL MANUFACTURE. I.dug up, or otherwise discovered in this country, show,pretty clearly, what the ancient British knives were,both as to form and material.